Description
खेती एवं बुवाई निर्देशिका — Gram Shiva 33
फसल के सर्वोत्तम प्रबंधन, रोग प्रतिरोधकता और प्रीमियम उत्पादन के लिए संपूर्ण चरणबद्ध कृषि निर्देशिका।
🌾 भूमि की तैयारी एवं खेत सुधार
खेत की समुचित जुताई एवं तैयारी से एकसमान अंकुरण और मजबूत जड़ों का विकास होता है।
🌱 आदर्श मिट्टी का प्रकार एवं pH
Well-drained loamy to clay-loam soils with pH 6.5–8.2. Deep, fertile soils with good organic matter content are preferred. Avoid waterlogged, heavy clay, or saline-alkali soils.
✨ प्रमुख कृषि लाभ
Deep, well-structured soil profile supports the taproot system of Gram Shiva 33, ensuring strong anchorage, efficient nutrient uptake, and reduced lodging risk throughout the crop lifecycle.
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Deep summer ploughing followed by 2–3 cross-harrowings for fine tilth and weed elimination.
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Field leveling and drainage preparation to prevent water stagnation around the root zone.
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Incorporation of well-decomposed FYM or farmyard compost at 5–8 tonnes per acre during final land preparation.
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Soil health conditioning: ensure neutral to slightly alkaline pH; if acidic, apply agricultural lime at 200–250 kg/acre based on soil test.
🌱 बुवाई का समय एवं विधि
सटीक बीज दर और सही दूरी से पौधों को पर्याप्त सूर्य का प्रकाश और संतुलित विकास मिलता है।
| मानक / पैरामीटर | अनुशंसा / निर्देश | कृषि महत्व |
|---|---|---|
| बुवाई समय सीमा | Mid-October to mid-November (Rabi season) | Optimal sowing ensures the crop completes its vegetative phase under cool conditions and flowers before peak summer heat stress. |
| बीज दर (प्रति एकड़) | 30–35 kg per acre | Maintains optimal plant population for uniform canopy development and maximum tillering potential of 3.6 tillers per plant. |
| कतार एवं पौधे का अंतर | 30 cm × 10 cm or 45 cm × 10 cm (Row-to-row × Plant-to-plant) | Aids canopy spread, aeration, and light penetration; narrower row spacing promotes better ground cover and weed suppression. |
| बुवाई की गहराई | 3–5 cm in normal soils; up to 5–7 cm in heavier clay soils | Promotes uniform germination and proper root establishment without straining seedling emergence. |
💧 सिंचाई एवं जल प्रबंधन
उचित नमी प्रबंधन से पौधे की वानस्पतिक एवं फलने-फूलने की अवस्था में जोरदार विकास होता है।
☀️ जल आवश्यकता एवं सिंचाई प्रोफाइल
Gram Shiva 33 demonstrates moderate drought tolerance but performs best under well-managed irrigation. The crop requires approximately 350–450 mm of water over its. Drip irrigation is highly compatible and improves water use efficiency by 30–40% compared to conventional methods. The crop can withstand short dry spells during the vegetative phase but moisture stress during flowering and pod development significantly affects vigor and grain quality.
🌦️ Soil नमी प्रबंधन
In rainfed conditions, ensure pre-sowing irrigation (1–2 irrigation at 20–30 mm each) to build adequate soil moisture reserve. Use mulching with straw or green leaf material to conserve soil moisture and reduce evaporation. Timely monsoon departure and residual soil moisture should be matched with sowing dates for optimal establishment.
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First Irrigation: Apply 25–30 mm irrigation 15–20 days after sowing to support uniform germination and early seedling growth, especially if autumn rains are inadequate.
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Vegetative phase irrigation: Provide light irrigation at 15-day intervals during active vegetative growth (20–50 DAS) to promote tillering and foliage development.
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Critical growth stage irrigation: Ensure adequate moisture at flowering (55–65 DAS) and early pod formation stages (70–90 DAS); this is the most critical window where moisture stress causes flower/pod drop and reduces grain filling.
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Pre-harvest water withholding: Stop irrigation 15–20 days before harvest to allow uniform pod maturation, prevent green pod persistence, and improve grain quality and storability.
🧪 उर्वरक एवं पोषण प्रबंधन
संतुलित पोषण से मजबूत पौधा संरचना और उच्च गुणवत्ता वाली उपज प्राप्त होती है।
| पोषक तत्व | अनुशंसित मात्रा (प्रति एकड़) | प्रयोग विधि एवं समय |
|---|---|---|
| नाइट्रोजन (N) | 20–25 kg/acre (50 + 50 kg urea or 40 kg DAP + top dressing of 15 kg urea) | 50% basal at sowing along with P and K; remaining 50% as top dressing at 30–35 days after sowing during first weeding. |
| फॉस्फोरस (P₂O₅) | 40–50 kg/acre (as DAP 46% or SSP) | 100% basal application at sowing, banded 5 cm below and 5 cm lateral to the seed for optimal root-zone access. |
| पोटाश (K₂O) | 20–25 kg/acre (as MOP 60%) | 100% basal application at sowing; split half at basal and half at 30 DAS for improved grain quality and disease resistance. |
🌿 निराई-गुड़ाई एवं खरपतवार नियंत्रण
समय पर खरपतवार नियंत्रण से मुख्य फसल को पूर्ण पोषण और नमी मिलती है।
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1
पहली निराई-गुड़ाई: Carry out light hoeing and weeding at 15–20 days after sowing (DAS) to establish a weed-free environment during the critical early competition phase. Shallow cultivation avoids root damage to the taproot system.
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2
दूसरी निराई एवं मिट्टी चढ़ाना: Perform second weeding and light earthing-up at 30–35 DAS to control late-emerging weeds, improve root zone aeration, and provide mechanical support to the developing plant canopy as tillers expand.
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3
विशेष अंतर-कृषि क्रियाएं: Apply organic mulch (paddy straw, 300–400 kg/acre) between rows at 30 DAS to conserve soil moisture, suppress weeds, and moderate soil temperature. For narrower row spacing (30 cm), inter-row mechanical hoeing at 25 DAS aids soil aeration and reduces weed pressure without damaging plants.
🛡️ कीट एवं रोग नियंत्रण
फसल की सक्रिय निगरानी और एकीकृत प्रबंधन से रोगमुक्त एवं स्वस्थ फसल सुनिश्चित होती है।
🐛 कीट प्रबंधन एवं रोकथाम
- Helicoverpa armigera (Pod borer): Larvae bore into pods and consume developing seeds. Symptoms include irregular holes in pods and frass accumulation. Control: Spray chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC at 60 ml/acre or emamectin benzoate 5% SG at 250 g/acre in 400 L water. Apply at early flowering (55 DAS) and repeat at 10-day intervals if pest pressure persists. Use pheromone traps at 10 traps/acre for monitoring.
- Gram fly (Delia bryoniae): Larvae bore into stems causing wilting and drying of individual plants. Affected plants show yellowing and eventual death. Control: Soil application of carbofuran 3G at 12–15 kg/acre at 15 DAS or imidacloprid 17.8% SL at 300 ml/acre as soil drench. Remove and destroy infested plants immediately.
- Chickpea aphid (Aphis craccivora): Colonies on young shoots and pod surfaces cause curling, stunting, and sooty mold development. Also vectors viral diseases. Control: Spray thiamethoxam 25% WG at 40 g/acre or imidacloprid 70% WS at 100 g/acre in 500 L water. Encourage natural predators like ladybird beetles and hoverflies. Use yellow sticky traps at 10/acre for monitoring.
🔬 रोग नियंत्रण एवं उपचार
- Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris): Yellowing and wilting of lower leaves, vascular browning of stem, and total plant collapse. Control: Soil drench with carbendazim 50% WP at 2.5 g/L or copper oxychloride 50% WP at 3 g/L around the stem base at first appearance. Remove and burn infected plants. Gram Shiva 33 exhibits moderate field tolerance—avoid waterlogged conditions and practice 3-year rotation with non-legume crops.
- Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei): Circular brown spots with dark concentric rings on leaves, stems, and pods. Severe infection causes defoliation and pod abortion. Control: Seed treatment with thiram or carbendazim at 2.5 g/kg seed. Foliar spray of mancozeb 75% WP at 2.5 kg/acre or propiconazole 25% EC at 500 ml/acre at 40 and 60 DAS. Avoid overhead irrigation and maintain recommended spacing for canopy airflow.
- Powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum): తెలుపు powdery fungal growth on upper leaf surface, leading to premature leaf senescence and reduced photosynthetic activity. Control: Spray sulfur dust (80%) at 15–20 kg/acre or trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole combination at recommended dose. Repeat after 15 days if humidity favors recurrent infection. Proper spacing and balanced nitrogen prevent excessive canopy density that favors mildew.
✂️ कटाई एवं उपज गुणवत्ता निर्देशिका
सही परिपक्वता पर कटाई से अधिकतम मंडी भाव और बेहतर भंडारण क्षमता मिलती है।
⏱️ कटाई समय एवं निर्धारण
Harvest at 110–115 days after sowing when 80–85% of pods turn brown and the plant shows complete physiological maturity. Cut plants at ground level using a sickle or combine harvester. Stagger harvesting in fields showing uneven maturity over a 5–7 day window.
⭐ उपज की गुणवत्ता एवं विशेषताएं
Gram Shiva 33 produces light brownish seeds with uniform size and excellent grain filling. The variety exhibits strong stalk and branch vigour, healthy green foliage retained until maturity, and consistent 25–30 g 100-seed weight. Grain quality is marked by good test weight, uniform colour, low broken percentage, and excellent market appearance attractive to traders and processing units.
| गुणवत्ता मानक | कृषि मानक | किसान एवं मंडी लाभ |
|---|---|---|
| कटाई की अवस्था | 110–115 days after sowing | Ensures peak grain quality, uniform maturation, and timely field clearance for subsequent crop scheduling. |
| परिपक्वता के लक्षण | Pods turn brown and crisp; seeds rattle inside pods; plant foliage turns yellow and dry; 80–85% pods mature uniformly. | Prevents over-maturity shattering losses and under-maturity green seed contamination. |
| भंडारण क्षमता एवं टिकाऊपन | 6–8 months under ambient storage conditions when dried to 10–12% moisture content; store in gunny bags in a cool, dry, well-ventilated godown. | Facilitates extended market window, long-distance transport, and premium pricing through off-season sales. |
| मंडी मांग एवं उपयुक्तता | Suitable for direct table consumption, pulse milling, retail mandis, and food processing industry. Light brownish seed colour matches premium market demand across Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, MP, and South India. | Attracts premium market rates due to superior appearance, uniform grain size, and high cleaning percentage. |
⭐ किस्म की विशेषताएं — Gram Shiva 33
विशिष्ट विशेषताएं जो इस किस्म को भारतीय किसानों की पहली पसंद बनाती हैं।
🌿 किस्म की मुख्य विशेषताएं
Gram Shiva 33 is an AgriBee-developed chickpea hybrid bred for consistent field performance under Indian Rabi conditions, combining early flowering vigour with robust pod development traits.
🌿 उपज की गुणवत्ता एवं रूप-रंग
Produces light brownish seeds with uniform size distribution, high test weight (25–30 g per 100 seeds), excellent grain filling, and low incidence of shriveled or discoloured seeds — meeting premium trade standards.
🌿 तनाव एवं रोग प्रतिरोधक क्षमता
Demonstrates good field tolerance to Fusarium wilt and Ascochyta blight pressures, moderate drought resilience during critical growth phases, and sustained foliage health throughout the growing season under integrated pest management practices.
🌿 वृद्धि स्वभाव एवं ओज (विगर)
Compact plant stature of 61–64 cm with an average of 3.6 productive tillers per plant. Strong branch architecture ensures even canopy spread, efficient photosynthesis, and strong lodging resistance under good moisture management.
🌿 फसल अवधि एवं पकने का समय
Reaches 50% flowering within 55–65 days and attains full maturity in 110–115 days, enabling early field clearance and flexible rotation with succeeding Kharif or summer crops such as cotton, maize, or soybean.
🌿 मंडी एवं किसान प्राथमिकता
Farmers value Gram Shiva 33 for its reliable germination, uniform stand establishment, strong early growth, manageable plant height, and excellent seed appearance that commands better realisation in local mandis and through contract procurement channels across western and central India.
