Description
खेती एवं बुवाई निर्देशिका — BlackGram T – 9
फसल के सर्वोत्तम प्रबंधन, रोग प्रतिरोधकता और प्रीमियम उत्पादन के लिए संपूर्ण चरणबद्ध कृषि निर्देशिका।
🌾 भूमि की तैयारी एवं खेत सुधार
खेत की समुचित जुताई एवं तैयारी से एकसमान अंकुरण और मजबूत जड़ों का विकास होता है।
🌱 आदर्श मिट्टी का प्रकार एवं pH
Well-drained sandy loam to clay loam soils with pH 6.5–8.0. Black Gram thrives in light to medium soils with good drainage; waterlogged or heavy clay soils are unsuitable due to susceptibility to root rot.
✨ प्रमुख कृषि लाभ
Loose, well-aerated seedbed ensures rapid germination of the relatively large Black Gram seeds and promotes deep taproot development for drought resilience.
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Deep summer ploughing followed by 2–3 cross-harrowings to achieve fine tilth and destroy weedSeed banks.
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Field leveling and formation of boundary channels for effective drainage during heavy rains.
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Incorporation of 10–12 tonnes/acre of well-decomposed FYM or compost during last ploughing to improve soil structure and moisture retention.
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Soil health conditioning: apply gypsum at 25 kg/acre in alkaline soils (pH >7.8); incorporate wood ash or lime only if pH is below 6.0.
🌱 बुवाई का समय एवं विधि
सटीक बीज दर और सही दूरी से पौधों को पर्याप्त सूर्य का प्रकाश और संतुलित विकास मिलता है।
| मानक / पैरामीटर | अनुशंसा / निर्देश | कृषि महत्व |
|---|---|---|
| बुवाई समय सीमा | June–July (Kharif) after monsoon onset; October–November (Rabi) in peninsular India | Aligns sowing with adequate soil moisture; avoids waterlogging during critical flowering and pod-filling stages |
| बीज दर (प्रति एकड़) | 25–30 kg per acre (broadcasting or line sowing) | Ensures optimal plant population without overcrowding; Black Gram T-9 seeds are large (3.2 g/100 seed), so rate is moderate |
| कतार एवं पौधे का अंतर | 45 cm (row-to-row) x 10 cm (plant-to-plant) | Provides adequate canopy spread for 4–5 branches per plant; improves air circulation reducing fungal pressure |
| बुवाई की गहराई | 3–5 cm (light soils: 5 cm; heavy soils: 3 cm) | Optimal depth ensures adequate soil moisture contact for uniform germination without delaying seedling emergence |
💧 सिंचाई एवं जल प्रबंधन
उचित नमी प्रबंधन से पौधे की वानस्पतिक एवं फलने-फूलने की अवस्था में जोरदार विकास होता है।
☀️ जल आवश्यकता एवं सिंचाई प्रोफाइल
Black Gram is inherently drought-resilient due to its deep taproot system. Black Gram T-9 requires approximately 350–450 mm of water over the crop cycle. Under irrigated conditions, 3–4 supplementary irrigations are sufficient. The crop shows moderate tolerance to dry conditions but is sensitive to waterlogging at any growth stage.
🌦️ Soil नमी प्रबंधन
In rainfed environments, ensure timely sowing at monsoon onset to capture profile moisture. Apply mulching with straw (2–3 t/acre) immediately after sowing to conserve soil moisture and reduce evaporation. Avoid moisture stress during flowering and pod-development phases as it causes significant flower drop and pod abortion.
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First irrigation: Apply 2–3 days after sowing if soil moisture is insufficient for germination (critical for uniform emergence).
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Vegetative phase: Light irrigation at 15–20 day intervals depending on rainfall and soil type; avoid excessive moisture that promotes vegetative overload.
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Critical stages – Flowering (42–45 DAS) and Pod Filling (55–75 DAS): Ensure adequate soil moisture; drought at these stages severely affects grain filling and seed quality.
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Pre-harvest: Stop irrigation 10–12 days before harvest to facilitate uniform pod desiccation and ease of harvesting; moist pods are prone to moulding.
🧪 उर्वरक एवं पोषण प्रबंधन
संतुलित पोषण से मजबूत पौधा संरचना और उच्च गुणवत्ता वाली उपज प्राप्त होती है।
| पोषक तत्व | अनुशंसित मात्रा (प्रति एकड़) | प्रयोग विधि एवं समय |
|---|---|---|
| नाइट्रोजन (N) | 20–25 kg N/acre | 50% basal at sowing + 50% top-dressing at 25 DAS; Black Gram fixes atmospheric nitrogen via Rhizobium, so reduced N is sufficient |
| Phosphorus (P2O5) | 40–50 kg P2O5/acre | 100% basal application as DAP (21:54:0 or single super phosphate @ 250 kg/acre) placed 5 cm below and beside the seed at sowing |
| Potash (K2O) | 20–25 kg K2O/acre | 100% basal with MOP (60% K2O); split not required but seed coat quality when applied basal |
🌿 निराई-गुड़ाई एवं खरपतवार नियंत्रण
समय पर खरपतवार नियंत्रण से मुख्य फसल को पूर्ण पोषण और नमी मिलती है।
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पहली निराई-गुड़ाई: Carry out at 15–20 DAS using a hand hoe or cultivator. Early weed competition is severe as Black Gram seedlings are slow-growing initially. Keep the inter-row weeded to reduce moisture loss and pest habitat.
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दूसरी निराई एवं मिट्टी चढ़ाना: Perform at 30–35 DAS. Light earthing-up around the base of plants provides anchorage for the 4–5 branches and improves root aeration. Remove any volunteer black gram plants from previous crops.
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Mulching Application: Apply straw mulch (2–3 t/acre) between rows immediately after second weeding to conserve soil moisture, suppress late-season weeds, and maintain cooler soil temperature for healthy root activity throughout the pod-filling phase.
🛡️ कीट एवं रोग नियंत्रण
फसल की सक्रिय निगरानी और एकीकृत प्रबंधन से रोगमुक्त एवं स्वस्थ फसल सुनिश्चित होती है।
🐛 कीट प्रबंधन एवं रोकथाम
- Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera): Larvae bore into pods and consume developing seeds. Control: Spray Neem-based pesticide (1.5% neem oil emulsion) at 5% flowering and again at peak pod-setting. For severe infestation, use Emamectin benzoate 5% SG at 0.5 g/L water or Spinosad 45% SC at 0.3 ml/L. Install pheromone traps at 10/acre for monitoring.
- Shoot & Pod Bearer (Melanitis leda): Caterpillars fold shoots and pods, consuming internal tissues. Control: Spray Bt cottonseed cake @ 2.5 kg/acre as a botanical deterrent, or carbendazim-free option with Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki at 1 g/L. Remove and destroy folded shoots manually.
- Stink Bug (Eushistus spp.): Nymphs and adults suck sap from pods causing shrivelled, discoloured seeds. Control: Spray imidacloprid 17.8% SL at 0.3 ml/L or neonicotinoid-free alternative using neem oil @ 3 ml/L. Monitor populations at flowering stage.
🔬 रोग नियंत्रण एवं उपचार
- Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum / Phyllactinia guttata): ਚਿੱਟਾ powdery growth on leaves, leading to premature defoliation. Preventive spray: Sulphur dusting @ 15–20 kg/acre or myclobutanil 66.6% WP at 0.1% at first appearance. Ensure proper spacing to reduce humidity around foliage.
- Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YVMV): Distinct yellow vein clearing on leaves, stunted growth, and reduced branching. Vector: ਚਿੱਟਾfly (Bemisia tabaci). Control: Eradicate host weeds, use yellow sticky traps @ 10/acre, and spray imidacloprid 17.8% SL at 0.3 ml/L. Black Gram T-9 exhibits moderate field tolerance; remove and burn infected plants immediately.
- Foot Rot / Wilt (Macrophomina phaseolina): Wilting of lower leaves, dark brown lesions at stem base, and grey mould inside stem. Control: Seed treatment with Thiram or Carbendazim @ 2.5 g/kg seed. Soil drench with Trichoderma viride @ 10 g/L at 30 DAS. Avoid waterlogging and ensure crop rotation with non-legume crops.
✂️ कटाई एवं उपज गुणवत्ता निर्देशिका
सही परिपक्वता पर कटाई से अधिकतम मंडी भाव और बेहतर भंडारण क्षमता मिलती है।
⏱️ कटाई समय एवं निर्धारण
Harvest begins at 75–85 days after sowing when 75–80% of pods turn brown/black and seeds rattle inside pods. Single complete harvest is typical for this variety. Cut plants at base using a sickle, bundle, and sun-dry for 2–3 days before threshing.
⭐ उपज की गुणवत्ता एवं विशेषताएं
Black Gram T-9 produces uniformly black, glossy seeds with high protein content (~24%). Seeds are small to medium-sized with thin testaa and good cooking quality. The grain has excellent nutritional value with balanced amino acid profile, making it a preferred pulse for consumer markets.
| गुणवत्ता मानक | कृषि मानक | किसान एवं मंडी लाभ |
|---|---|---|
| कटाई की अवस्था | 75–85 बुवाई के दिन बाद (DAS) | Ensures complete seed maturation, optimal seed weight (3.2 g/100 seed), and maximum grain quality |
| परिपक्वता के लक्षण | Pods turn dark brown/black, seeds harden and rattle inside pods, leaves yellow and dry | Prevents under-maturity (green seeds) and over-maturity (shattering losses); ensures uniform seed colour and size |
| भंडारण क्षमता एवं टिकाऊपन | 3–4 months under dry ambient conditions; up to 6 months with hermetic storage | Black Gram T-9 seeds have a hard seed coat providing natural protection against storage pests; proper drying extends marketability window significantly |
| मंडी मांग एवं उपयुक्तता | Direct consumer market, wholesale mandis, pulse processing units, and packaged retail brands across India | Uniform black colour, good testa integrity, and consistent seed size make this variety highly preferred by traders and processors for both domestic and export markets |
⭐ किस्म की विशेषताएं — BlackGram T – 9
विशिष्ट विशेषताएं जो इस किस्म को भारतीय किसानों की पहली पसंद बनाती हैं।
🌿 किस्म की मुख्य विशेषताएं
Black Gram T-9 is a compact, short-duration variety developed for reliability under diverse Indian agro-climatic conditions, offering consistent field performance with strong disease resilience.
🌿 उपज की गुणवत्ता एवं रूप-रंग
Seeds are uniformly black with a glossy sheen, thin testa, and excellent cooking quality. 100-seed weight of 3.2 g indicates good grain filling. ਉੱਚਾ protein content (~24%) with balanced nutrition makes it a premium-grade black gram.
🌿 तनाव एवं रोग प्रतिरोधक क्षमता
Moderately resistant to Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus and tolerant to powdery mildew. Deep taproot system confers good drought resilience. Exhibits reasonable field tolerance to foot rot under well-drained conditions.
🌿 वृद्धि स्वभाव एवं ओज (विगर)
Compact plant stature of 30–40 cm with 4–5 well-distributed branches. Bushy growth habit ensures good canopy coverage without lodging. Strong vegetative vigor supports healthy pod development along lateral branches.
🌿 फसल अवधि एवं पकने का समय
50% flowering at 42–45 DAS and full maturity at 75–85 DAS. Short duration allows flexible rotation with wheat, cotton, or sorghum, enabling multiple cropping opportunities in Kharif-Rabi sequences.
🌿 मंडी एवं किसान प्राथमिकता
Farmers prefer Black Gram T-9 for its uniform maturity, easy harvestability, strong branch architecture, and reliable germination rates. Traders value the consistent seed colour and size, while processors appreciate the thin testa and quick cooking time.
